France national football team

The great Frace ,The France national football team (French: Équipe de France de football) represents France in international football and is controlled by the French Football Federation, also known as FFF, or in French: Fédération française de football. The team's colours are blue, white and red, and the coq gaulois its symbol. France are colloquially known as Les Bleus (The Blues). The French side are the reigning World Cup holders, having won the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 15 July 2018. France play home matches at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Paris, and the manager is Didier Deschamps. They have won two FIFA World Cups, two UEFA European Championships, two FIFA Confederations Cups and one Olympic tournament. France experienced much of its success in four major eras: in the 1950s, 1980s, late 1990s/early 2000s, and late 2010s, respectively, which resulted in numerous major honours. France was one of the four European teams that participated in the inaugural World Cup in 1930 and, although having been eliminated in the qualification stage six times, is one of only three teams that have entered every World Cup qualifying cycle.

and also  .In 1958, the team, led by Raymond Kopa and Just Fontaine, finished in third place at the FIFA World Cup. In 1984, France, led by Ballon d'Or winner Michel Platini, won UEFA Euro 1984. Under the leadership of Didier Deschamps and three-time FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane, France won the FIFA World Cup in 1998. Two years later, the team triumphed at UEFA Euro 2000. France won the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2001 and 2003, and reached the 2006 FIFA World Cup final, which it lost 5–3 on penalties to Italy. The team also reached the final of UEFA Euro 2016, where they lost 1–0 to Portugal football in extra time. France won the 2018 FIFA World Cup, defeating Croatia 4–2 in the final match on 15 July 2018.

YOU know,France was the first national team that has won the three most important men’s titles recognized by FIFA: the World Cup, the Confederations Cup, and the Olympic tournament after victory in the Confederations Cup in 2001. Since 2001, Argentina (after 2004 Olympics) and Brazil (after 2016 Olympics) are the other two national teams that have won these three titles. They have also won their respective continental championship (Copa América for Argentina and Brazil, and UEFA European Championship for France)

COMMUNICATION-BASICS

COMMUNICATION-BASICS Introduction Communication is a key element in any human activity. Communication is a learned skill. However, while most people are born with the physical ability to talk, not all can communicate well unless they make special efforts to develop and refine this communication skill. Very often, we take the ease with which we communicate with each other for granted, so much so that we sometimes forget how complex the communication process actually is. Communication takes place when we are supposedly at the same level of understanding and comprehension as other interlocutors. Common forms of communication include speaking, writing, gestures, touch, using pictures and broadcasting. Communication is therefore not what is said whether verbally or non- verbally, but what is understood. What is communication? Communication is a word derived from the Latin word communis or commūnicāre, which means ‘to make common’ or ‘to share’. Communication is the act of conveying intended meaning to another person through the use of mutually understood signs and language. Communication is the art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one person to another. Communication is the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. The basic steps of communication are: the forming of communicative intent, message composition, message encoding, and transmission of signal, reception of signal, message decoding and finally interpretation of the message by the recipient. 

Characteristics of Communication The characteristics of communication include: 

1. Communication is a process: Communication is a 2 way process which involves; listening to others (Receiving) message Asserting/Expressing (Sending). 2. Communication is a dynamic: it is ever changing depending on the variables at play. 3. . Communication is a complex a process. 4. Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. 5. Communication involves the sharing of information using a code. 6. Communication occurs between people and sometimes animals 7. Communication is irreversible: once one has communicated something it cannot be recalled back. 8. Communication is a system 

9. Communication must have the elements of communication: Source, receiver, channel, message, noise, feedback. 10. Communication can be verbal/ non verbal or visual. 11. Communication can be accidental especially in non-verbal Functions of communication Human beings communicate for various reasons.

 Here are some of the reasons why we must communicate: 1. To change in behaviour 2. To influence others 3. To express our thoughts and emotions through words & actions. 4. It is a tool for controlling and motivating people. 5. It is a social and emotional process. 6. Communication for improving self-confidence 7. Entertain 8. Educate 9. Establish relationships 10. Inform 11. Solve problems 12. Make orders 13. Give directions Forms of Communicating Verbal Communication All forms of communication can be categorized as either verbal or nonverbal. Both verbal and nonverbal communication can be subdivided into either vocal or non- vocal. Verbal communication involves using speech to exchange information with others. We usually communicate verbally in face-to-face conversations such as; meetings, interviews, conferences, speeches, phone calls e.t.c. Much of the communication that takes place between people is both verbal and non-verbal; that is, it is based on language and gestures. 

Verbal communication of the vocal category includes spoken language, while non-vocal verbal communication involves written communication as well as communication is transmitted through transmitted through sign language, finger spelling, Braille, or other similar alternatives to verbal language. Paraverbal/paralinguistic/ paralanguage features Paralinguistic or paralanguage features are the aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words. They add emphasis or shades of meaning to what people say Paralinguistic features accompany verbal communication and are the vocal signals beyond the basic verbal message. Paralinguistic elements in a person's speech, convey meaning beyond the words and grammar used. Examples of paralinguistic features include pitch, rate, quality of voice and amplitude. Other forms of paralanguage can also include laughter or imitative speech. Prosody, which is the rhythm, pattern, stress, rate, volume, inflection and intonation of a person's speech, is also a form of paralanguage. People express meaning not just in what they say but in the way they say it. The paralinguistic features employed by a speaker provide hint to the meaning, communicate the speakers’ attitudes and convey their emotion. Paralinguistic features also alert the listener as to how to interpret the message. Many of these paralinguistic features are culturally coded and inherent in verbal communication, often at a subconscious level. Non-Verbal Non-verbal communication is a type of communication that employs gestures and body language. The term "body language" is sometimes used to denote non-verbal communications. "Body Language" is the communication of personal feelings, emotions, attitudes, and thoughts through body-movements such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, touch, smell, walking styles and positions among others.

 These movements can be done either consciously or involuntarily; more often they ‘happen’ subconsciously, and are accompanied, or not accompanied, by words. There are basically three elements in any face-to-face communication. These three elements account differently for the meaning of the message:  Words account for 7%  Tone of voice accounts for 38% and  Body language accounts for 55% of the message. Our body language and tone of voice should be consistent with the words we use. This is only possible when we say what we mean to say and say it rightly. Otherwise we can confuse people and reduce the prospect of getting our message across to be understood. Non-verbal communication can lead to misunderstandings, communication failure and even conflicts if the interlocutors are careless. Non-verbal communication includes: 

(P)OSTURES & GESTURES (E)YE CONTACT (O)RIENTATION (P)RESENTATION (L)OOKS (E)PRESSIONS OF EMOTION

 Body language and kinesics are based on the behavioral patterns of non-verbal communication. Body language can actually contradict verbal communications and reveal our inner feelings about any particular person or topic either intentionally or unintentionally. The way in which you fold your arms, cross your legs, sit, stand, walk, move your head, eyes, lips reveal what you may be thinking or feeling. For example, you may be sitting and conversing with a person; suddenly, he leans forward and with both arms clutches the chair. By doing so he non-verbally communicates to you his desire to end the meeting. Body language has shed new light on the dynamics of relationships. Hands Gestures Hands and arms are used by most of us to communicate our thoughts. People rub arms together, keep their arms closed, and clinch the fists. All these tell what the person has in his mind involuntary. It is a way that people non-verbally communicate positive expectations. Hands clenched together seems to be a confident gesture as some people who use it are often smiling and sound happy. However, if the hands are clenched too tightly, it is indicative of frustration or hostile attitude. Eye Gestures/facial expression Facial expression, offers the most readily observable group of gestures. We focus our eyes on the face more often than on any other part of the body, and the expressions we see there have widely accepted meanings. If a prospect's eyes are downcast and face turned away, you're being shut out, however, if the mouth move, he is probably considering your presentation. If his eyes engage yours for several seconds at a time with a slight, one-sided smile extending at least to nose level, he is weighing your proposal. It is only when you see 'eye to eye' with another person that a real basis for communication can be established. Other forms of nonverbal communication include: Touch, smell, distance. The number of people in a communication situation affects the use of non-verbal communication. The more the persons involved, the more complex the use and understanding of the non-verbal communication becomes. However, to decipher the non-verbal communication it is important to see, interpret and understand them holistically and in a context, while identifying the different types of personalities involved. Levels of communication 1. Intrapersonal (Within a person) 2. Interpersonal (Face to face) 3. Group communication 4. Mass communication 5. Inter country/ Development

INTRODUCTION TO INCOME TAX

 INTRODUCTION TO INCOME TAX -India

Tax:an overview. Tax is a fee charged by a Government on a Product, Activity or Income. There are

two types of Taxes- Direct taxes and Indirect taxes. If the tax is directly levied on the income or wealth of a person then it’s called direct taxes, Eg. Income Tax. If tax is levied on the price of a product, good or service then it’s called indirect tax, Eg. Sales tax. Taxes are the basic source of income for governments for meeting expenses of like education, defence, health care, infrastructure etc.

Income tax.

Income tax is a form of direct tax, i.e, it is levied directly from the tax payer on his ‘income’.Every person, whose taxable income for the assessment year exceeds the minimum taxable limit, is liable to pay the income tax at rates in force during the current financial year.

The Income Tax Act ,1961, which came into force on 1st April 1962 is the base act

regarding income tax in India. Since 1962 it has been amended and re-amended drastically.

Union finance budgets of every year propose new amendments and tax reforms and these

changes get added to the income tax rules when the parliament approves it. Total income and tax payable. Income tax is levied on the total income of the assesse. Total income is computed as

per the provisions of the income tax Act, it is the amount arrived after deductions from

gross total income are made. The procedure of computation of total income is given below-

Basis of charge and general rules of income tax

 Income tax is an annual tax on income.

 Income of previous year is taxable in the next following assessment year at the rates

applicable to the assessment year.

 Income tax rates are fixed by the annual union budget(Finance act).

 Tax is charged on every ‘person’ defined in sec2(31).

 The tax is charged on the total income of every person computed in accordance with

the provisions of Income Tax Act.

 Income tax is to be deducted at source or paid in advance as provided under the

provisions of the act.

Important amendments for the Annual Year 2016-17

 Rate of surcharge increased to 12% from 10% for all non-corporate assessees if

income exceeds 1 Crore.

 Wealth tax abolished from annual year 2016-17.

 Yoga will be included under the definition of ‘charitable purpose’ and such

organisations will be considered as charitable institutes.

 100% deduction under section 80G for contributions made to Swatch BharathKosh and

Clean Ganga Fund.

 Investment made under newly introduced SukanyaSamriddi account will be eligible

for deduction u/s 80C.

 The existing limits of 15,000 and 20,000 u/s 80D with respect of mediclaim paid

by individuals and senior citizen raised to 25,000 and 30,000 respectively.

 The 80DDB deduction for Super senior citizen regarding expenditure of medical

treatment of specified diseases increased to 80,000 from 60,000.

 Exemption u/s 80DD with regard to maintenance of disabled dependant raised to

75,000 or 1,25,000 (disability or severe disability) from 50,000 and 1,00,000.

 Limit u/s 80U is proposed to be increased from 50,000 to 75,000 in case of

disability and from 1,00,000 to 1,25,000 in case of severe disability.

 Deduction u/s 80CCC is proposed to increase from 1,00,000 to 1,50,000 in case of

contribution made to pension fund.

 Deduction u/s 80CCD will be 1,50,000 in place of 1,00,000 to contribution made

to national pension scheme.

 TDS will be introduced to immovable property transactions.

 100% deduction will be allowed u/s 80G in respect of donations made to National

Fund for Control of Drug Abuse (NFCDA).