World AIDS day - December 1

World AIDS Day, designated 1 December every year since 1988,  is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic Caused by the spread of HIV infection, and mourning Those Who Have died of the disease. Government Officials and health, non-governmental Organizations and Individuals around the world observe the day, Often With education on AIDS prevention and control.

World AIDS Day is one of the eight official Campaigns marked overall public health by the World Health Organization (WHO), Along With World Health Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Immunization Week, World Tuberculosis Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Malaria Day and World Hepatitis Day.  Since 1995, the President of the United States has made an official proclamation on World AIDS Day.

As of 2013, AIDS has killed more than 36 million people worldwide (1981 to 2012), and an Estimated 35.3 million people are living With HIV, making it one of the Most Important Global public health issues in Recorded history. DESPITE recent improved access to antiretroviral treatment in many regions of the world, the AIDS epidemic claims 2 million lives an Estimated each year, of Which About 270,000 are children.

What is the Ozone depletion and climate change ?

Ozone depletion and climate change, or Global Ozone hole and warming in more popular terms, Whose connections are environmental challenges and Which Have Been Explored Have Been Compared and contrasted, for example in terms of overall regulation, in various studies and books.

There is scientific Widespread interest in better regulation of climate change, ozone depletion and air pollution, the human relationship in General With the biosphere is Deemed of major historiographical and political significance as.  Already by 1994 the legal debates acerca respective regimes on regulation climate change, ozone depletion and air pollution Were Being dubbed "monumental" and a combined synopsis provided.

There are some parallels Between atmospheric chemistry and anthropogenic Emissions in the discussions Which Have taken place and the regulatory Attempts Which Have Been Made. That is the Most Important Both gases Causing problems Have long lifetimes after emission to the atmosphere, THUS Which Causing problems are difficult to reverse. However, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol Amended That it are seen as success stories, while the Kyoto Protocol on climate change has anthropogenic Largely failed. Efforts are Currently Being Undertaken to ASSESS The Reasons and to use Synergies, for example With regard to data reporting and policy design and Further exchanging of information. While the General Public Tends to see Global warming as a subset of ozone depletion, in Such fact ozone and chemicals as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halocarbons, Which are held responsible for ozone depletion, greenhouse gasses are Important. Furthermore, natural levels of ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere Both Have a warming effect.

What is the Ozone Layer ?

The ozone layer or ozone shield Refers to a region of Earth's stratosphere That Absorbs MOST of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It contains high Concentrations of ozone (O3) relative to other parts of the atmosphere,, Although still very small relative to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is only About 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is found mainly in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometers (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically.

The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French Physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Its properties Were Explored in detail by the British meteorologist GMB Dobson, WHO developed simple spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter) That Could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958 Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, Which continue to operate to this day. The "Dobson unit", a convenient measure of the amount of ozone overhead, is named in His honor.

The ozone layer Absorbs 97-99% of the Sun's ultraviolet light medium-frequency (from About 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength), Which would Otherwise damage Potentially exposed life forms near the surface.

The United Nations General Assembly has designated September 16 as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.

Venus Also has a thin ozone layer at an altitude of 100 kilometers from the planet's surface.

The study of interrelations between organisms and there environment is known as ...........?

Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions Among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field That includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms Have With Each Other, other organisms, and With Their abiotic components of environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of individual organisms; as well as cooperation and competition Between organisms, Both Within and Among ecosystems. Ecosystems are Composed of dynamically interacting parts Including organisms, the Communities They make up, and the non-living components of Their environment. Ecosystem Processes,: such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, Regulate the flux of energy and matter-through an environment. These are sustained by organisms Processes With specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, Which Refers to the varieties of species, genes and ecosystems, Enhances Certain ecosystem services.

Ecology is not synonymous With environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An Important focus for ecologists is to Improve the understanding of how biodiversity Affects ecological function.

What is intra cytoplasmic sperm injection ?

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI, pronounced / ɪksiː /, ik-see) is an in vitro fertilization procedure in Which a single sperm is injected into an egg Directly. Defective sperm function remains the single Most Important cause of human infertility., Although Certain severe forms of male infertility Have a genetic origin, others May be the result of environmental factors. During the past decade, ICSI has-been increasingly applied around the world to alleviate problems of severe male infertility in human patients WHO Either Could not be assisted by conventional IVF or Procedures Could not be accepted for IVF Because too few sperm motile and morphologically regular Were present in the ejaculate of the male partner.

This procedure is MOST Commonly used to Overcome male infertility problems, Also, Although it May be used Easily Where eggs can not be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in Addition to sperm donation.

It can be used in teratozoospermia, eleven Because the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not Appear to influence blastocyst or blastocyst morphology development.  Even With severe teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells That Have a "normal" morphology, Allowing for optimal success rate.

History
The first child born from a gamete Micromanipulation a child was born in Singapore in April of 1989. The technique was developed by Gianpiero Palermo at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine headed by Paul Devroey and Andre Van Steirteghem. The first activated by ICSI embryo was produced in 1990, but the first successful birth by ICSI Took place on January 14, 1992.

What is In vitro fertilization ?

In vitro fertilization or fertilization (IVF) is a process by Which is fertilised an egg by sperm outside the body: in vitro ("in glass"). The process Involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing ova or an ovum (egg or eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilize them in a liquid in a laboratory. The fertilised egg (zygote) is cultured for 2-6 days in a growth medium and is then a Implanted in the same or another woman's uterus, with the intention of Establishing a successful pregnancy.

IVF techniques can be used in different types of situations. It is a technique of assisted reproductive technology for treatment of infertility. Also IVF techniques are employed in gestational surrogacy, in Which case the egg is fertilised Implanted into a surrogate's uterus, and the RESULTING child is genetically unrelated to the surrogate. In some Situations, Donated eggs or sperms May be used. Some country clubs or ban Otherwise Regulate the availability of IVF treatment, giving rise to fertility tourism. Restrictions on availability of IVF to include single females, to lesbians and to surrogacy arrangements. Due to the costs of the procedure, IVF is mostly Attempted only after less expensive options Have failed.

The first successful birth of a "test tube baby", Louise Brown, occurred in 1978. Louise Brown was born as a result of a natural cycle IVF Where no stimulation was made. Robert G. Edwards, the physiologist WHO developed the treatment, was Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2010. With egg donation and IVF, Women Who are past Their reproductive years or menopause can still Become pregnant. Adriana Iliescu held the record as the oldest woman to give birth using IVF and Donated egg, When She Gave birth in 2004 at the age of 66, a record passed in 2006. After the IVF treatment are reliable to many couples get pregnant without any fertility treatments.

Coconut beauty.

Who is the author of the book ' Power Shift' ?

Alvin  Toffler

Alvin Toffler (born October 4, 1928) is an American writer and futurist, known for his works discussing the digital revolution, communication revolution and technological singularity.

Toffler is a former associate editor of Fortune magazine. In his early works he focused on technology and its impact through effects like information overload. He moved on to examining the reaction to changes in society. His later focus has been on the increasing power of 21st-century military hardware, the proliferation of new technologies, and capitalism.

He founded Toffler Associates, a management consulting company, and was a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation, visiting professor at Cornell University, faculty member of the New School for Social Research, a White House correspondent, an editor of Fortune magazine, and a business consultant.

Toffler is married to Heidi Toffler, also a writer and futurist. They live in the Bel Air section of Los Angeles, California, just north of Sunset Boulevard.

The couple’s only child, Karen Toffler, (1954–2000), died at the age of 46 after more than a decade suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

Who is known as Madiba ?

Nelson Mandela.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela  was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black chief executive, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.

A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the Afrikaner minority government of the National Party established apartheid – a system of racial segregation that privileged whites – in 1948, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 anti-apartheid Defiance Campaign, was appointed superintendent of the organisation's Transvaal chapter and presided over the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, leading a sabotage campaign against the government. In 1962, he was arrested, convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the state, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.

Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Mandela joined negotiations with President F. W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory and became South Africa's first black president. He published his autobiography in 1995. Leading South Africa's Government of National Unity, which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela also created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. While continuing with the former government's economic liberalism, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation.

Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Denounced as a communist terrorist by critics, he nevertheless gained international acclaim for his activism, having received more than 250 honours, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Lenin Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"); he is often described as the "Father of the Nation".

O Chandu Menon. First novel writer in Malayalam language.

Chandu Menon Rao Bahadur Oyyarathu (Also known as O. Chandu Menon) (1847-1899) was a Malayalam language novelist from Kerala state, India. I is the author of Indlulekha, the first major novel in Malayalam.

Literary career

I was inspired to write by His Wife His first novel Indulekha. I Attempted to fashion the work after the popular novels Inglés During Those Days [4] and Depicted lives the love and life of an upper caste woman and her sad destiny. The novel Attempted to discuss the topics of feudalism, polygamy and caste oppression.

His 1889 work, Indulekha, was the first Malayalam Which fictional work met the requisite With All Characteristics of a novel ACCORDING TO Widely accepted Malayalam literary convention. It is not the first novel per se, as Kundalatha (a much less work) by Appu Nedungadi pre-dates it by a year. Indulekha throws light on the Nair community During the second half of the nineteenth century when it was Undergoing a transformation following Inglés western influences and education. It exalts education and satirizes the orthodox practices of temporary marital alliances Namboodiri Between Nair women and men. Indulekha was translated into Inglés 1891 by the-then Collector of Malabar district. Indulekha is Claimed to be the only Malayalam novel to be reprinted every year for over hundred years.

I Began a novel second named Sarada, the first part of Which Appeared in 1892. This novel was meant to be in two parts. However, I was unable to complete the sequel, Which never got published.

Two Inglés speeches made by Chandu Menon, one on Administration of Justice in Ancient Times and another under the auspices of the Sir T.Muthuswamy Iyer Memorial Committee Have Been published in book form.

Major awards and recognitions

Reportedly I received a letter from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, WE Gladstone, passing on Queen Victoria's appreciation of Chandu Menon's services to Malayalam literature in 1892.
The Government of India conferred on him the title of Rao Bahadur in 1897.

The beautiful loving couple.

Funny pictures.

Baby funny crying from Philippines.

Jeep fall in to the road large pit.

Which is the largest Island in the world ?

Greenland  is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway and Denmark, the colonial powers, as well as the nearby island of Iceland) for more than a millennium. In 2008, the people of Greenland passed a referendum supporting greater autonomy; 75% of votes cast were in favour. Greenland is the world's largest island,over three-quarters of which is covered by the only permanent ice sheet outside of Antarctica. With a population of about 56,480 (2013), it is the least densely populated country in the world.

Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada.[12][13] Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland, beginning in the 10th century, and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century. The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century. In the early 18th century, Scandinavia and Greenland came back into contact with each other, and Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island.

Denmark–Norway claimed Greenland for centuries. Greenland was settled by Norwegians over a thousand years ago, who had previously settled Iceland to escape persecution from the King of Norway and his central government. It was from Greenland and Iceland that Norwegians would set sail to discover America almost 500 years before Columbus and attempt to colonize land.

Elephant traveling on the Lorry .

Do you know this animal ?

Who is known as father of Medical Science ?

Hippocrates of Kos was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the "Father of Western Medicine" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession.

However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician, and credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.

Historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos; other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue.

Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek gynecologist,was Hippocrates' first biographer and is the source of most personal information about him. Later biographies are in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD.Hippocrates is mentioned in passing in the writings of two contemporaries: Plato, in "Protagoras" and "Phaedrus", and, Aristotle's "Politics", which date from the 4th century BC

Soranus wrote that Hippocrates' father was Heraclides, a physician, and his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates' true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates.

Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather, and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias. Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. Plato mentions Hippocrates in two of his dialogues: in Protagoras, Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad";while in Phaedrus, Plato suggests that "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" thought that a complete knowledge of the nature of the body was necessary for medicine.Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara.Several different accounts of his death exist. He died, probably in Larissa, at the age of 83, 85 or 90, though some say he lived to be well over 100.

Hippocratic theory
“ It is thus with regard divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause from the originates like other affections. Men regard its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder... ”

Which is the smallest bird in the world ?

Hummingbirds are New World birds that constitute the family Trochilidae. They are among the smallest of birds, most species measuring in the 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) range. Indeed, the smallest extant bird species is a hummingbird, the 5-cm bee hummingbird, weighing less than a U.S. penny (2.5 g).

They are known as hummingbirds because of the humming sound created by their beating wings which flap at high frequencies audible to humans. They hover in mid-air at rapid wing-flapping rates, typically around 50 times per second, allowing them also to fly at speeds exceeding 15 m/s (54 km/h; 34 mph),backwards.

Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of any homeothermic animal.To conserve energy when food is scarce, and nightly when not foraging, they go into torpor, a state similar to hibernation, slowing metabolic rate to 1/15th of its normal rate.

Evolution
A map of the hummingbird family tree—reconstructed from analysis of 284 of the world's 338 known species—shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago. Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades, the Topazes, Hermits, Mangoes, Brilliants, Coquettes, Patagona, Mountain Gems, Bees, and Emeralds, defining their relationship to nectar-bearing flowering plants and the birds' continued spread into new geographic areas. While all hummingbirds depend on flower nectar to fuel their high metabolisms and hovering flight, coordinated changes in flower and bill shape stimulated the formation of new species of hummingbirds and plants. Due to this exceptional evolutionary pattern, as many as 140 hummingbird species are able to coexist in a specific region, such as the Andes Mountains.The hummingbird evolutionary tree shows ancestral hummingbirds splitting from insectivorous swifts (family Apodidae) and treeswifts (family Hemiprocnidae) about 42 million years ago, probably in Eurasia.One key evolutionary factor appears to be an altered taste receptor that enabled hummingbirds to seek nectar. By 22 million years ago, the ancestral species of current hummingbirds became established in South America, where environmental conditions stimulated further diversification.The Andes Mountains appear to be a particularly rich environment for hummingbird evolution because diversification occurred simultaneously with mountain uplift over the past 10 million years.[5] Hummingbirds remain in dynamic diversification inhabiting ecological regions across South America, North America, and the Caribbean, indicating an enlarging evolutionary radiation. Within the same geographic region, hummingbird clades co-evolved with nectar-bearing plant clades, affecting mechanisms of pollination. The same is true for the sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera), one of the morphologically most extreme species, and one of its main food plant clades (Passiflora section Tacsonia).
Sexual dimorphisms
Hummingbirds exhibit sexual size dimorphism, with males being smaller than females.The extent of this sexual size difference varies among clades of hummingbirds.Sexual dimorphisms in beak size and shape are also present between male and female hummingbirds,[14] where in many clades, females have longer, more curved beaks favored for accessing nectar from tall flowers.

Is it flower or girl face ?

It is the amazing the art.

Which is the largest animal in the world ?

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal belonging to the baleen whales (Mysticeti). At 30 metres (98 ft) in length and 180 tonnes (200 short tons) or more in weight, it is the largest extant animal and is the heaviest known to have existed.

Long and slender, the blue whale's body can be various shades of bluish-grey dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath.There are at least three distinct subspecies: B. m. musculus of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia of the Southern Ocean and B. m. brevicauda (also known as the pygmy blue whale) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. B. m. indica, found in the Indian Ocean, may be another subspecies. As with other baleen whales, its diet consists almost exclusively of small crustaceans known as krill.

Blue whales were abundant in nearly all the oceans on Earth until the beginning of the twentieth century. For over a century, they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers until protected by the international community in 1966. A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide,in at least five groups. More recent research into the Pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an overestimate.Before whaling, the largest population was in the Antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000).There remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the eastern North Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Ocean groups. There are two more groups in the North Atlantic, and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere. As of 2014, the Californian blue whale population has rebounded to nearly its pre-hunting population.

Taxonomy

Blue whales are rorquals (family Balaenopteridae), a family that includes the humpback whale, the fin whale, Bryde's whale, the sei whale, and the minke whale.The family Balaenopteridae is believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Oligocene (28 Ma ago). It is not known when the members of those families diverged from each other.

The blue whale is usually classified as one of eight species in the genus Balaenoptera; one authority places it in a separate monotypic genus, Sibbaldus,but this is not accepted elsewhere.DNA sequencing analysis indicates that the blue whale is phylogenetically closer to the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei) than to other Balaenoptera species, and closer to the humpback whale (Megaptera) and the gray whale (Eschrichtius) than to the minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata and Balaenoptera bonaerensis). If further research confirms these relationships, it will be necessary to reclassify the rorquals.

There have been at least 11 documented cases of blue-fin hybrid adults in the wild. Arnason and Gullberg describe the genetic distance between a blue and a fin as about the same as that between a human and a gorilla.

The real love.

Both are sleeping with real love.

Which is the fastest bird in the world ?

The swifts are a family, Apodidae, of highly aerial birds. They are superficially similar to swallows, but are not closely related to any of the passerine species. Swifts are placed in the order Apodiformes, which they share with hummingbirds. The treeswifts are closely related to the true swifts, but form a separate family, the Hemiprocnidae.

Resemblances between swifts and swallows are due to convergent evolution, reflecting similar life styles based on catching insects in flight.

The family name, Apodidae, is derived from the Greek ἄπους (ápous), meaning "footless", a reference to the small, weak legs of these most aerial of birds.The tradition of depicting swifts without feet continued into the Middle Ages, as seen in the heraldic martlet.

Some species of swifts are among the fastest animals on the planet, with some of the fastest measured flight speeds of any bird.

Taxonomy

Taxonomists have long classified swifts and treeswifts as relatives of the hummingbirds, a judgement corroborated by the discovery of the Jungornithidae (apparently swift-like hummingbird-relatives) and of primitive hummingbirds such as Eurotrochilus. Traditional taxonomies place the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) in the same order as the swifts and treeswifts (and no other birds); the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy treated this group as a superorder in which the swift order was called Trochiliformes.

The taxonomy of the swifts is in general complicated, with genus and species boundaries widely disputed, especially amongst the swiftlets. Analysis of behavior and vocalizations is complicated by common parallel evolution, while analyses of different morphological traits and of various DNA sequences have yielded equivocal and partly contradictory results.

The Apodiformes diversified during the Eocene, at the end of which the extant families were present; fossil genera are known from all over temperate Europe, between today's Denmark and France, such as the primitive swift-like Scaniacypselus (Early - Middle Eocene) and the more modern Procypseloides (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene - Early Miocene). A prehistoric genus sometimes assigned to the swifts, Primapus (Early Eocene of England), might also be a more distant ancestor.

Species
There are around 100 species of swifts, normally grouped into two subfamilies and four tribes.

Description
Swifts are the most aerial of birds. Larger species are amongst the fastest fliers in the animal kingdom, with the white-throated needletail having been reported flying at up to 169 km/h (105 mph).Even the common swift can cruise at a maximum speed of 31 metres per second (112 km/h; 70 mph). In a single year the common swift can cover at least 200,000 km.

Compared with typical birds, swiftlet wings have proportionately large wingtip bones. By changing the angle between the wingtip bones and the forelimb bones, they are able to alter the shape and area of their wings, maximizing their efficiency and maneuverability at various speeds.Like their relatives the hummingbirds, and unlike other birds, they are able to rotate their wings from the base, a trait that allows the wing to remain rigid and fully extended deriving power on both upstroke and downstroke.The downstrokes produces both lift and thrust, while the upstrokes produces a negative thrust (drag) that is 60% of the thrust generated during the downstrokes, but simultaneously it contributes with a lift that is also 60% of what is produced during the downstroke.

Who is the first women to climb Everest in the world ?

Junko Tabei  is a Japanese mountain-climber who, on May 16, 1975, became the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

Early climbing history
After obtaining a degree in English literature from Showa Women's University where she was a member of the mountain climbing club, Tabei formed the "Ladies Climbing Club: Japan (LCC)" in 1969. She has climbed Mount Fuji as well as the Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps, among others. By 1972, Tabei was a recognized mountain climber in Japan.

Everest expedition
The team of JWEE (Japanese Women’s Everest Expedition) consisted of fifteen, mostly working women including teachers, a computer programmer and a juvenile counselor. Two of them, including Tabei, were mothers. JWEE, headed by Eiko Hisano, was a part of the Joshi Tohan Kurabu (Ladies Climbing Club: LCC) founded in 1969. After successful summit of Annapurna III on May 19, 1970 by Tabei and Hiroko Hirakawa,LCC decided to attack Mount Everest. Although they obtained last-minute funding from Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper and Nippon Television, all the members still had to pay an amount that was almost equal to Japan’s average salary. To save money, they would use recycled car sheets to sew up water-proof pouches and over-gloves. They purchased goose feather from China and made their own sleeping bags. Students at school collected unused packets of jam for their teachers.
After a long training period, they began the expedition early in 1975 when they traveled to Katmandu. They used the same route Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay took in 1953.

In early May the women were camping at 6,300 meters when an avalanche struck their camp. The women, including Junko and the guides, were buried under the snow. Tabei lost consciousness for approximately six minutes until her Sherpa guide dug her out. Twelve days after the avalanche, Tabei became the first female to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

Later activities
On 28 June 1992 Tabei finished the climb of Puncak Jaya to become the first woman to complete the Seven Summits. Tabei had a goal to climb the highest peak in every country in the world and continues to work on ecological concerns. Tabei is the director of Himalayan Adventure Trust of Japan, an organization working on a global level to preserve mountain environments.

Which is the largest zoo in the world ?

Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. It covers an area of 19,485 square kilometres (7,523 sq mi) in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa, and extends 360 kilometres (220 mi) from north to south and 65 kilometres (40 mi) from east to west. The administrative headquarters are in Skukuza. Areas of the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic in 1898, and it became South Africa's first national park in 1926.

To the west and south of the Kruger National Park are the two South African provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. In the north is Zimbabwe, and to the east is Mozambique. It is now part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, a peace park that links Kruger National Park with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and with the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique.

The park is part of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere an area designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an International Man and Biosphere Reserve (the "Biosphere").

History

Sabi Game Reserve (1898-1926)
In 1895, Jakob Louis van Wyk introduced in the Volksraad of the old South African Republic, a motion to create the game reserve which would become the Kruger National Park.

Who is the first women prime minister in the world ?

Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (17 April 1916 - 10 October 2000), commonly known as Sirimavo Bandaranaike (the suffix "vo" denotes respect), was a Sri Lankan politician and the modern world's first female head of government. She served as Prime Minister of Ceylon and Sri Lanka three times, 1960-65, 1970-77 and 1994-2000, and was a long-time leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.

Bandaranaike was the widow of a previous Sri Lankan prime minister, Solomon Bandaranaike, and the mother of Sri Lanka's fourth Executive President, Chandrika Kumaratunga, as well as Anura Bandaranaike, former speaker and cabinet minister.

Early life
Sirimavo Bandaranaike was born on 17 April 1916, as Sirima Ratwatte to a prominent Radala family, who were descended from Ratwatte Dissawa, Dissawa of Matale, a signatory on behalf of the Sinhalese to the Kandyan Convention of 1815. Born to Barnes Ratwatte, Dissawa of Sabaragamuwa and Rosalind Mahawelatenne Kumarihamy of Mahawelatenne Walauwa, Balangoda, she was the eldest of six, with four brothers and one sister. Her father was member of the State Council and the Senate of Ceylon. Her brothers where Justice Barnes Ratwatte II, Dr Seevali Ratwatte, Dr Mackie Ratwatte (who served as her Private Security during her premiership) and Clifford Ratwatte, former Member of Parliament for Balangoda and Chairman of the State Plantations and Sri Lanka Tea Board. Her youngest sister Patsy Ratwatte was married to Colonel Edward James Divitotawela, who established the Central Command of the Ceylon Army. Bandaranaike was educated at St Bridget's Convent, Colombo, but was a practising Buddhist. In 1940 she married Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike, a member of the State council and son of Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranaike, the Maha Mudaliyar (chief native interpreter and advisor to the Governor). They had three children, Sunethra, Chandrika, and Anura.
Political career
Husband's premiership
Her husband Solomon was a founding member of the United National Party (UNP) in 1946 and was elected to the House of Representatives (elected lower house of Parliament) in the first elections of the Dominion of Ceylon in 1947. Breaking away from the UNP he went on to form the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) and became its leader. A coalition led by the SLFP won a majority in the House of Representatives in 1956 general election and Solomon became Prime Minister. After initiating much change on socialist and nationalistic lines, he had his tenure cut short three years later when he was assassinated by a Buddhist monk on 26 September 1959. The assassination created a power vacuum, due to Solomon's likely successor CP de Silva (leader of the House of Representatives and Finance Minister) being gravely ill and in London for treatment at the time. Wijeyananda Dahanayake, Minister of Education, was appointed caretaker Prime Minister. Turmoil in the government followed as Dahanayake sacked and appointed ministers. This led to a defeat of the SLFP in the March 1960 elections.

First term
During this time Sirimavo was brought forward as legitimate successor to her husband's party leadership and she entered politics. In 1960 MP de Zoysa Jnr stepped down from his seat in the Senate (appointed upper house of Parliament) paving the way for Sirimavo to be appointed as a member of the Senate from the SLFP. She led her party to win the July 1960 elections on the pledge to continue her husband's policies, notably the Sinhala Only Act, and to proceed with repatriation of the estate Tamils ​​to India. On 21 July 1960, as a Senator she became prime minister, thus becoming the first female prime minister in the world.

Known to her fellow Sri Lankans as "Mrs. B," she could skillfully use popular emotion to boost her support, frequently bursting into tears as she pledged to continue her assassinated husband's policies. Her opponents and critics called her the "weeping widow", saying she got herself nominated a Senator and made head of her husband's party after his death by making capital out of his death, going around to different villages and weeping over their children.

Bandaranaike was a socialist who continued her husband's policies of nationalizing key sectors of the economy, such as banking and insurance, and also nationalizing all schools then owned by the Roman Catholic Church in 1961.  Bandaranaike was on a roller-coaster ride from the moment she took office. Within a year of her 1960 election victory she declared a "state of emergency". By campaign disobedience This followed a civil part of the country's minority Tamil population who were outraged by her decision to drop English as an official language and her order to conduct all government business in Sinhala, the language of the majority Sinhalese. This they considered a highly discriminatory act and an attempt to deny Tamils ​​access to all official posts and the law. This led to an increase in Tamil militancy which escalated under succeeding administrations.

Further problems arose with the state takeover of foreign businesses, particularly petroleum companies, which upset the United States and Britain; they ended aid to Sri Lanka. As a result, Bandaranaike moved her country closer to China and the Soviet Union and championed a policy of nonalignment. At home, she crushed an attempted military coup by Christian officers in 1962 and appointed her uncle William Gopallawa Governor-General of Ceylon. In 1964, she entered into a historic coalition with the Marxist Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP). At the end of 1964, she lost a vote of confidence. The SLFP coalition was defeated in the 1965 elections, ending her first term as Prime Minister.

Under the terms of the 1964 agreement with India, 600,000 Indian Tamils ​​were to be repatriated, while 375,000 were to be granted Sri Lankan citizenship. By 31 October 1981, when the two countries were to have settled this issue, India had taken more than 300,000 persons as repatriates. Sri Lanka had granted citizenship to over 185,000 plus over 62,000 post-1964 offspring. Over 207,000 Indian Tamils ​​in Sri Lanka before 1964, plus nearly 45,000 offspring, were granted Indian citizenship but still awaited repatriation. In the wake of the July 1983 anti-Tamil violence, some in this latter group are being processed for repatriation or have emigrated to India.

With the lapse of the 1964 agreement India declined to consider any more applications for citizenship. The government of Sri Lanka believes that the 1964 pact remains in force until the citizenship cases and permanent residence of all Indian Tamils ​​covered by the pact have been settled. The All-Party Conference has agreed that the government should grant Sri Lankan citizenship to stateless Indian Tamils ​​who did not granted apply for Indian citizenship and were not Sri Lankan citizenship under the 1964 agreement.

Second term
She regained power after the United Front coalition (SLFP, LSSP, and the Communists) won the 1970 elections with a large majority. But after just 16 months in power, the government was almost toppled by the 1971 JVP Insurrection of left-wing youths. Bandaranaike had disbanded the government's intelligence service, suspecting that it was loyal to the opposition United National Party (UNP). Thus there was no warning of the uprising, and Sri Lanka's small army was caught off guard. The army mobilized its reserves and held the capital, but some outlying areas were occupied by the insurgents. The government was saved by military aid from both India and Pakistan, policy thanks to Bandaranaike's skillful foreign. In those tough political years, she turned herself into a formidable leader. "She was the only man in her cabinet", one of her officials commented during the height of the insurgency.

Her second term saw a new constitution introduced in 1972, replacing the Soulbury constitution. Ceylon was renamed Sri Lanka and became a republic, abolishing the monarchy of Ceylon. The 1973 oil crisis had a traumatic effect on the Sri Lankan economy: the government had no access to Western aid and her socialist policies stifled economic activity. Rationing had to be imposed. Bandaranaike became more and more intolerant of criticism and forced the shut-down of the Independent newspaper group, whose publications were her fiercest critics. Earlier she had nationalized the country's largest newspaper, Lake House, which has remained the government's official mouthpiece. Bandaranaike enjoyed continued success in foreign affairs. She was chosen chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1976, and hosted the Movement's conference, heads numerous by attended of state. Despite her high international standing, she was losing Sri Lankan support rapidly amid allegations of corruption and against the background of a rapidly declining economy.

Under the Soulbury constitution, election would have been held in 1975. However, the government had become very unpopular. Bandaranaike used a clause of the 1972 constitution to delay elections until 1977. This did not help and in the 1977 elections the United Front was routed, winning only 8 seats.

Opposition
Bandaranaike held her own seat in 1977, but in 1980, she was charged with abuse of power for the 1975-77 delay in elections. She was expelled from parliament and banned from public office for seven years.The 1980s were her dark days. She became a political outcast, rejected by the people who had once worshipped her. Bandaranaike spent the next seventeen years in opposition warding off challenges to her leadership of the SLFP, even from her own children. Always the politician, she played her ambitious daughter Chandrika and son Anura against one another, holding on to party control despite losing every subsequent general election.

Third term
In 1994, the SLFP-led coalition won the general elections. Chandrika then outmanoeuvred her mother to become prime minister; and then was elected President the same year.

Bandaranaike became prime minister again, but the constitution had changed since her last tenure. As prime minister she was now subordinate to her daughter, the President. She remained in office till a few months before her death, but had little real power. She died on Election Day, 10 October 2000, after having cast her vote for the last time.

An Indian temple in heavy rain.

Which is the largest power station in the world ?

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). The dam is the largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual energy generation, generating 83.7 TWh in 2013 and 98.8 TWh in 2014, while the annual energy generation of the Itaipú Dam in Brazil and Paraguay was 98.6 TWh in 2013 and 87.8 in 2014.

Except for a ship lift, the dam project was completed and fully functional as of July 4, 2012,when the last of the main water turbines in the underground plant began production. Each main water turbine has a capacity of 700 MW.The dam body was completed in 2006. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two smaller generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the dam is 22,500 MW.

As well as producing electricity, the dam is intended to increase the Yangtze River's shipping capacity and reduce the potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space. The Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering, social and economic success,with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines,and a move toward limiting greenhouse gas emissions.However, the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people, and is causing significant ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides.The dam has been a controversial topic both domestically and abroad.

History

A large dam across the Yangtze River was originally envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in The International Development of China, in 1919. He stated that a dam capable of generating 30 million horsepower (22 GW) was possible downstream of the Three Gorges.In 1932, the Nationalist government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, began preliminary work on plans in the Three Gorges. In 1939, Japanese military forces occupied Yichang and surveyed the area. A design, the Otani plan, was completed for the dam in anticipation of a Japanese victory over China.

In 1944, the United States Bureau of Reclamation chief design engineer, John L. Savage, surveyed the area and drew up a dam proposal for the 'Yangtze River Project'.Some 54 Chinese engineers went to the U.S. for training.

The North Pole of The Earth.

The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is (subject to the caveats explained below) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.

The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west.

While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice. This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole (unlike the South Pole). However, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Since 2002, the Russians have also annually established a base, Barneo, close to the Pole. This operates for a few weeks during early spring. Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice-free because of Arctic ice shrinkage, with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later.

The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m (13,980 ft) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m (13,410 ft) by USS Nautilus in 1958.The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island, off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km (430 mi) away, though some perhaps non-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada, which is located 817 km (508 mi) from the Pole.

Precise definition

The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might "wobble" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude," as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few meters. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the 8 month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the "instantaneous pole", but because of the "wobble" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required.

It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevations or orography) to fixed landforms. Of course, given plate tectonics and isostasy, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System.

Albert Einstein - mass energy equivalence .

Albert Einstein  [albɐrt aɪnʃtaɪn] 14 March 1879-18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. I developed the General Theory of Relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics) ]. 274 Einstein's work is Also known for ITS influence on the philosophy of science . Einstein is best Known in popular culture for His mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (Which has-been dubbed "The World's Most Famous Equation"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "services to theoretical physics" , in particular, His discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.

Near the beginning of His career, Einstein thought That Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics With the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of His special theory of relativity. I Realized, however, the principle of relativity That Could Also be extended to gravitational fields, and With His subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, I published a paper on the general relativity. I continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, Which Led To His Explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. Also I Investigated the thermal properties of light Which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the General theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.

I was visiting the United States When Adolf Hitler Came to power in 1933 and, Being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, Where He Had Been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. I Settled in the US, becoming an American citizen in 1940.  On the eve of World War II, I have endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" That the US and begin recommending a similar research. This led to what would Eventually Become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported the Allied forces defending, but Largely Denounced the notion of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, Which Highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was Affiliated With The Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, Until His death in 1955.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers Along With over 150 non-scientific works. On 5 December 2014, universities and archives Announced the release of Einstein's papers, Comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.  Einstein's intellectual achievements and originality Have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with "genius".

The vegetable have shy feeling... Funny photos

The first colour film in the world - Becky Sharp.

Becky Sharp (1935) is an American historical drama film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Miriam Hopkins. Other supporting cast Were Frances Dee, Cedric Hardwicke, Billie Burke, Alison Skipworth, Nigel Bruce, and Alan Mowbray.

The film is based on the play of the same name by Langdon Mitchell, Which in turn is based on William Makepeace Thackeray's novel Vanity Fair. The play was made famous in the late 1890s by actress Minnie Maddern Fiske. The screenplay was written by Francis Edward Faragoh. The film was Considered a landmark in cinema as the first film to use the newly developed three-strip Technicolor production, opening the way for a growing number of colored films to be made in Britain and the United States in the years leading up to World War II.

The film recounts the tale of a lower-class Girl Who insinuates herself into an upper-class family, only to see her life and the lives of Those around her destroyed.

Plot

Becky Sharp (Miriam Hopkins), a socially ambitious young lady Inglés Manages to survive During the years following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo.

Efforts to advance in her herself, she Manages to link up with a number of gentlemen: the Marquis of Steyne (Cedric Hardwicke), Joseph Sedley (Nigel Bruce), Rawdon Crawley (Alan Mowbray), and George Osborne (GP Huntley Jr.).

She rises to the top of British society and Becomes the scourge of the social circle, offending the other ladies: such as Lady Bareacres (Billie Burke). Sharp falls into the humiliation of singing for her meals in a beer hall.

The Cannes Festival - The big film festival in the world.

The Cannes Festival ( Cannes Film Festival), named Until 2002 as the International Film Festival (Festival international du film) and in Inglés Known as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, Which previews new films of all genres, Including documentaries, from around the world. Founded in 1946, it is Considered The most prestigious film festival in the world and is one of the MOST publicized. The invitation-only festival is held Annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congres.

The 2015 Cannes Film Festival Took Place Between 13 to 24 May 2015. American film directors Joel Coen and Ethan Coen Were the joint Presidents of the Jury. Dheepan, the film directed by French director Jacques Audiard, won the Palme d'Or.

On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal + Pierre Lescure Took over as President of the festival. The Board of Directors Also Gilles Jacob appointed as Honorary President of the festival.

History

The Cannes Film Festival Has Its origins in 1932. When Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of Philippe Erlanger and With the support of the British and Americans, Set up an international cinematographic festival. In 1947, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes" Where Were Countries films from sixteen presented. At that time the principle of equality was Introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, EXPRESSLY constructed for the occasion, for ITS, Although 1949 was the roof opening During unfinished and blew off a storm. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. ITS origins, Although May be Attributed in part to the French desire to compete with autumn's Venice Film Festival, Cannes was in 1951 Moved to spring to avoid a clash fall.

In 1955, the Palme d'Or was created, Replacing the Grand Prix du Festival Which HAD Been Given Until That year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as to Sélection officielle - Member. In 1959, the Marché du Film (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and Facilitating exchanges Between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has Become the first international platform for film commerce.

In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies.  In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after His death, and I was named Honorary President for life. The next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival.

The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors,: such as Carlos Saura and Milos Forman, Had Their films withdrawn from the competition. On 18 May, filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors Took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in Solidarity with students and labor on strike THROUGHOUT France, and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers Achieved the reinstatement of the President, and They founded the Film Directors 'Society (SRF) That same year.  In 1969, the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Directors' Fortnight, a new non-competitive That section programs to selection of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films.

During the 1970s, important Changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President, and Maurice Bessy the Managing Director. Immediately I Introduced an Important change in the selection of the participating films. Until That date, the different Countries Which films would chose Represent them in the festival. Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, President Gilles Jacob Assumed the position, introducing the Caméra d'Or award and the Un Certain Regard section. Other Changes Were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days, THUS Reducing the number of selected films; also, That point Until the Jury was composed by Film Academics, and Jacob started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry.

In 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congres was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed "The Bunker" and provoked many reactions Against It. In 1984, Pierre Viot Replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival.

Until 1995 it was not That Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection: the Cinéfondation. Its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to Contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities. The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence and in 2005 L'Atelier . The Festival's Honorary President, Gilles Jacob, was appointed in 2000, and in 2002 the Festival officially ADOPTED the name Cannes.

Water for life- No more time, give your contributions for next generation.

The United Nations General Assembly, in December 2003, proclaimed the years 2005-2015 as the International Decade for Action 'Water for Life'. Its primary goal is to Promote International Efforts to Fulfill Commitments made on water and water-related issues in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015.

Details

The Water Decade Focuses on encouraging Countries to build on the Efforts made to date to protect, use and manage freshwater resources in a sustainable manner as the water governance challenge is to challenge.

In order to help the Internationally Agreed to Achieve water-related goals Contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration, and in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the World Summit of Sustainable Development (WSSD) the Decade Focuses on water-related issues at all levels and on the implementation of Programmes and projects, and the furtherance of cooperation at all levels.

During the first UN Decade on Water from 1981-1990, it is Estimated That more than a billion people Gained access to safe drinking water.

The primary goal of the 'Water for Life' Decade is to Promote International Efforts to Fulfill Commitments made on water and water-related issues by 2015.

Commitments These include the Millennium Development Goals to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015 and to stop unsustainable exploitation of water resources. At the World Summit in Johannesburg in 2002, two other ADOPTED Were goals: to aim to Develop integrated water resource management and water efficiency plans by 2005 and to halve, by 2015, the proportion of People Who Do not have access to basic sanitation.

World Water Day, 22 March 2005 marked the official commencement of the 'Water for Life' Decade.

Themes
Central water related themes include: food, health, environment, disaster prevention, energy, transboundary water issues, scarcity, culture, sanitation, pollution and agriculture. As women play the central role in water provision and management, with emphasis will be Placed on Ensuring the Involvement and participation of women in development Efforts These special.

Activities
An up to date Calendar of Events has the latest on the activities planned THROUGHOUT the Decade.

At the national level, it is expected That each country will take Its Own approach to organize activities around the 'Water for Life' Decade. All activities That Promote public awareness of issues related to the 'Water for Life' theme are Encouraged, Including the organization of conferences, seminars, expositions and other such public events.

Organizers
UN-Water is coordinating the International Decade for Action 'Water for Life', 2005-2015. UN-Water is the United Nations system-wide inter-agency gathering of all Relevant agencies, Departments and Programmes Involved with water-related issues.UN-Water is the inter-agency mechanism for the implementation of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation water-related Provisions and the Millennium Development Goals Concerning freshwater. The terms of reference and Modalities of work of UN-Water cover the elements of a detailed inter-agency plan for addressing water as well as sanitation issues, and include Mechanisms for interacting With non-United Nations system stakeholders.

The chairmanship of UN-Water rotates and is Currently held by the United Nations University (UNU), while the Secretariat for UN-Water is based at the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Within UNDESA, the Water, Natural Resources and Small Island Developing States Branch in the Division for Sustainable Development will be responsible for the 'Water for Life' Decade. For more info on interagency coordination, please see

Two Initiatives Have Been Launched by UN-Water to support the 'Water for Life' Decade:

The UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development [3] (UNW-DPC). Hosted by the United Nations University in Bonn, Germany, the UNW-DPC Strengthens the coherence and effectiveness of capacity development activities in the framework of the Decade.
The United Nations Office to Support the International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015 (UNO-IDfA) / UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC)]. Located in Zaragoza, Spain, and led by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), A-IDfA / UNW-DPAC Facilitates information, communication implements and raises awareness in the framework of the Decade.

Women's right and natural right.

Women's rights are the rights and entitlements Claimed for women and girls of many societies worldwide. In some places, These rights are institutionalized or supported by law, the local custom, and behavior, Whereas in others They May be ignored or suppressed. They Differ from broader notions of human rights-through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias Against the exercise of rights by women and girls, in Favour of men and boys.

Issues Commonly Associated With notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to, the right: to bodily integrity and autonomy; to vote; to hold public office; to work; to birth control; To have an abortion; to be free from rape; to fair wages or equal pay; to own property; to education; to serve in the military or be conscripted; to enter into legal Contracts; Have and to marital or parental rights.

Natural rights

Natural law 17th century philosophers in Britain and America: such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, developed the theory nature of rights in reference to: such as ancient philosophers Aristotle and Aquinas the Christian theologist. Like the ancient philosophers, naturally 17th century philosophers law Defended slavery and an inferior status of women in law. Relying on ancient Greek philosophers, natural law philosophers rights Argued That Were not naturally derived from god, but were "universal, self evident, and intuitive "That Could law to be found in nature. Natural Believed That They Were self-evident rights to "Civilised man" who lives "in the highest form of society". Natural rights derived from human nature, a concept first established by the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Citium in Concerning Human Nature. Argued That Zenon each rational and civilized Greek male citizen had a "divine spark" or "soul" within him That Existed independent of the body. Zeno founded the Stoic philosophy and the notion of a human nature was ADOPTED by other Greek philosophers, and naturally later philosophers and western Humanists law. Widely ADOPTED Aristotle developed the concept of rationality, arguing That man was a "rational animal" and Such as natural power of reason. Concepts of human nature in ancient Greece Depend on gender, ethnic, and other qualifications  and Natural 17th century philosophers meat law to regard women along with children, slaves and non-whites, as neither "rational" nor "Civilised". Natural law philosophers Claimed the inferior status of women was "common sense" and a matter of "nature". Believed That They Could not be Treated women as equal due to their "inner nature". The views of 17th century Natural law Opposed Were philosophers in the 18th and 19th century philosophers by nature evangelical theology: such as William Wilberforce and Charles Spurgeon, WHO Argued for the abolition of slavery and Advocated for women to have rights equal to That of men. Natural law Modern Theorists, and advocates of native rights, claim That All People Have to human nature, Regardless of gender, ethnicity or other qualifications, Therefore all People Have the natural rights.

Equal employment rights for women and men

Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to Receive a medical degree in the United States, as well as the first woman on the UK Medical Register
Further information: Employment discrimination law in the European Union
Employment rights for women include non-discriminatory access of women to jobs and equal pay. The rights of women and men to equal pay and equal unavailable benefits for equal work Were Openly denied by the British Hong Kong Government up to the early 1970s. Leslie Leung Chung Wah  1917-2009), President of the Hong Kong Chinese Civil Servants' Association (1965-1968) Contributed to the establishment of equal pay for men and women, Including the right for married women to be permanent employees. Before This, the job status of a woman employee changed from permanent to temporary employee eleven she was married, just thus losing the Pension Benefit. Some of them even lost Their jobs. Since nurses Were mostly women, esta improvement of the rights of married women meant much to the Nursing profession.  In some European Countries, married women Could not work without the consent of Their husbands Until a few Decades ago, for example in France Until 1965 and in Spain Until 1975. In Addition, marriage bars, a practice adopted from the late 19th century to the 1970s across many Countries, Including Austria, Australia, Ireland, Canada, and Switzerland, restricted married women from employment in many professions.

The women's liberation movement.

The women's liberation movement was a loose agreement of women and feminist thinking That Emerged in the United States and other developed Countries During the late 1960s and persisted THROUGHOUT the 1970s.

In June, 1967 Jo Freeman Attended a "free school" course on women at the University of Chicago led by Heather Booth and Naomi Weisstein. Freeman invited them to organize a woman's workshop at the National Conference of New Politics (NCNP), to be held in Chicago over Labor Day weekend in 1967. At the conference a woman's caucus was FORMED, and it (led by Freeman and Shulamith Firestone) Demands Its Own presented to the plenary session. In response to Their Demands, The Women Were Told Their resolution was not important enough for a floor discussion. While threatening to tie up the convention With procedural motions They succeeded in Having Their statement tacked on to the end of the agenda. Through effort Their Demands That Were Never discussed. Towards the end of the conference, National Conference for New Politics director William F. Pepper refused to Recognize any of the women waiting to speak and Instead called on someone to speak about the American Indians . Five women, Including Firestone, rushed the podium to demand to know why William F. Pepper then a Firestone patted on the head and Said. "Move on little girl, we Have More Important issues here than to Talk About Women's Liberation" , or possibly, "Cool down, little girl. We Have More Important Things to Talk About than women's problems." A meeting was called together by Freeman and Firestone for all of the women Who Had Been at the " free school "course and the women's workshop During the conference. This Chicago meeting spawned the first women's liberation group. This group was Known as the group Westside Because it met weekly in Freeman's apartment on Chicago's west side. After a few months of meeting, Freeman started the newsletter called Voice of the women's liberation movement. This newsletter circulated across the country (and in a few foreign countries), and Gave the women's liberation movement ITS name. Many of the women in the group Westside Went on to start other Feminist Organizations, Including the Chicago Women's Liberation Union. Within the year, women's liberation groups sprang up all over America.

In 1968, the first American national gathering of women's liberation activists was held in Lake Villa, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois.  That same year, at the University of Washington, a Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) organizer Reflected on a meeting about white college men working with poor white men, and "That NOTED Sometimes after analyzing societal ills, the men shared leisure time by 'balling a chick together.' I pointed out That Such activities did much to Enhance the political consciousness of poor white youth. A woman in the audience Asked, 'And what did it do for the consciousness of the chick?' "After the meeting, a handful of women FORMED Seattle's first women's liberation group. Also in 1968, 100 women protested the Miss America Beauty Pageant Because It Promoted "physical attractiveness and charm as the primary Measures of a woman's worth," especially the swimsuit portion of the contest (Echols, Alice "Distant Nothing About It", 1994, pg 149). Also in 1968, Notes from the First Year, a women's liberation theoretical journal, was published by New York Radical Women.

The first Women's Liberation Conference Took place in Britain, During 1970, at Ruskin College.  Also in 1970, Australian feminist Germaine Greer published her book, The Female Eunuch.  Also in 1970, Sisterhood Is Powerful, An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement edited by the American feminist Robin Morgan, was published.

In 1970, in Ireland, the Irish Women's Liberation Movement published a manifesto for women and Conducted protests and activism: such as the Contraceptive Train.  The first women's liberation march in London occurred in 1971.

The ideology of radical feminism in the United States developed as a component of the women's liberation movement. Within groups: such as New York Radical Women (1967-1969), (no relation to Radical Women, a present-day socialist feminist organization), Ellen Willis Which Characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City", a radical feminist ideology That Began to emerge Declared That "personal is the political" and "sisterhood is powerful", Formulations That Arose From These consciousness-raising sessions.

Morning beauty......

Funny birds...

Deep sleeping dog.

Is it fish or crocodile ? Identify ...

Its taken from Indian ocean. South India. From Kannyakumari
.

Funny cat.

Androgenic hair or body hair of human body.

Androgenic hair, commonly known as body hair, is the terminal hair that develops on the human body during and after puberty. It is differentiated from the head hair and less visible vellus hair, which are much finer and lighter in color. The growth of androgenic hair is related to the level of androgens (male hormones) in the individual. Due to a normally higher level of androgen, men tend to have more androgenic hair than women.

From childhood onward, regardless of sex, vellus hair covers almost the entire area of the human body. Exceptions include the lips; the backs of the ears; the palms of hands; the soles of the feet; certain external genital areas; the navel; and scar tissue. The density of hair – i.e. the number of hair follicles per unit area of skin – varies from person to person. In many cases, areas on the human body that contain vellus hair will begin to produce darker and thicker body hair, such as the first growth of beard hair on a male adolescent's previously smooth chin.

Androgenic hair follows the same growth pattern as the hair that grows on the scalp, but with a shorter anagen phase and longer telogen phase. While the anagen phase for the hair on one's head lasts for years, the androgenic hair growing phase lasts a few months.The telogen phase for body hair lasts close to a year. This shortened growing period and extended dormant period explains why the hair on the head tends to be much longer than other hair found on the body. Differences in length seen in comparing the hair on the back of the hand and pubic hair, for example, can be explained by varied growth cycles in those two regions. The same goes for differences in body hair length seen in different people, especially when comparing men and women.

Hair follicles are to varying degrees sensitive to androgen, primarily testosterone and its derivatives, with different areas on the body having different sensitivity. As androgen levels increase, the rate of hair growth and the weight of the hairs increase. Genetic factors determine both individual levels of androgen and the hair follicle's sensitivity to androgen, as well as other characteristics such as hair colour, type of hair and hair retention.

Rising levels of androgen during puberty cause vellus hair to transform into terminal hair over many areas of the body. The sequence of appearance of terminal hair reflects the level of androgen sensitivity, with pubic hair being the first to appear due to the area's special sensitivity to androgen. The appearance of pubic hair in both sexes is usually seen as an indication of the start of a person's puberty. There is a sexual differentiation in the amount and distribution of androgenic hair, with men tending to have more terminal hair in more areas. This includes facial hair, chest hair, abdominal hair, leg hair, arm hair, and foot hair. Women retain more of the less visible vellus hair, although leg, arm, and foot hair can be noticeable on women. It is not unusual for women to have a few terminal hairs around their nipples as well. In the later decades of life, especially after the 5th decade, there begins a noticeable reduction in body hair especially in the legs. The reason for this is not known but it could be due to poorer circulation, lower free circulating hormone amounts or other reasons.

Growth distribution
Like much of the hair on the human body, leg, arm, chest, and back hair begin as vellus hair. As people age, the hair in these regions will often begin to grow darker and more abundantly. This will typically happen during or after puberty.

Biosphere reserves in India.

The Indian government has established around eighteen Biosphere Reserves in India, (categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Category V Protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary), and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves, along with buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life. Animals are protected and saved here.

World network

Nine of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.

Name States Year
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka 2000
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu 2001
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve West Bengal 2001
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Uttarakhand 2004
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Meghalaya 2009
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Madhya Pradesh 2009
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve Odisha 2009
Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh 2012
Great Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2013
List of Biosphere Reserves

In 2009, India designated Cold Desert of Himachal Pradesh as a biosphere reserve. On September 20, 2010, the Ministry of Environment and Forests designated Seshachalam Hills as the 17th biosphere reserve. Panna (Madhya Pradesh) was scheduled to become the 18th on August 25, 2011.

Biosphere reserves of India (area wise)
Year Name Location State Type Key fauna Area (km2)
1 1986 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Part of Waynad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Mudumalai, Nilambur, Silent Valley and Anaimalai Hills Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka Western Ghats Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque 5520
2 1988 Nanda Devi National Park & Biosphere Reserve Parts of Chamoli District, Pithoragarh District & Bageshwar District Uttarakhand Western Himalayas 5860
4 1989 Gulf of Mannar Indian part of Gulf of Mannar extending from Rameswaram island in the North to Kanyakumari in the South of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka Tamil Nadu Coasts Dugong or sea cow 10500
3 1988 Nokrek Part of Garo Hills Meghalaya East Himalayas Red panda 820
5 1989 Sundarbans Part of delta of Ganges and Barahamaputra river system West Bengal Gangetic Delta Royal Bengal tiger 9630
6 1989 Manas Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamrup and Darrang Districts Assam East Himalayas Golden langur, red panda 2837
8 1994 Simlipal Part of Mayurbhanj district Odisha Deccan Peninsula Gaur, royal Bengal tiger, elephant 4374
10 1998 Dihang-Dibang Part of Siang and Dibang Valley Arunachal Pradesh Eastern Himalaya 5112
11 1999 Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve Parts of Betul District, Hoshangabad District and Chhindwara District Madhya Pradesh Semi-Arid Giant squirrel, flying squirrel 4981.72
14 2005 Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve Part of Annupur, Dindori and Bilaspur districts Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh Maikala Hills Four horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), Indian wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Saras crane (Grus antigone), Asian white-backed vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Sacred grove bush frog (Philautus sanctisilvaticus) align="right" | 3835
15 2008 Great Rann of Kutch Part of Kutch, Rajkot, Surendranagar and Patan Districts Gujarat Desert Indian wild ass 12454
16 2009 Cold Desert Pin Valley National Park and surroundings;Chandratal and Sarchu & Kibber Wildlife Sancturary Himachal Pradesh Western Himalayas Snow leopard 7770
12 2000 Khangchendzonga Parts of Kangchenjunga Sikkim East Himalayas Snow leopard, red panda 2620
13 2001 Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve Neyyar, Peppara and Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary and their adjoining areas Kerala, Tamil Nadu Western Ghats Nilgiri tahr, elephants 3500.08
7 1989 Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve Southern most islands of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands Islands Saltwater crocodile.

The salad dish

A salad is a dish consisting of small pieces of food, which may be mixed with a sauce or salad dressing. Salads can incorporate a variety of foods including vegetables, fruits, cheese, cooked meat, eggs and grains. Garden salads use a base of leafy greens; they are common enough that the word salad alone often refers specifically to garden salads. Other types include bean salad, tuna salad, fattoush, Greek salad, and somen salad.

The sauce used to a flavor a salad is commonly called a salad dressing; well-known types include ranch, Thousand Island, and vinaigrette.

Most salads are served cold, although some, such as south German potato salad, are served warm. Some consider the warmth of a dish a factor that excludes it from the salad category calling the warm mixture a casserole, a sandwich topping or more specifically, name it for the ingredients which comprise it.

Salads may be served at any point during a meal, such as:

Appetizer salads, light salads to stimulate the appetite as the first course of the meal.
Side salads, to accompany the main course as a side dish.
Main course salads, usually containing a portion of heartier fare, such as chicken breast or slices of beef.
Dessert salads, sweet versions often containing fruit,
The word "salad" comes from the French salade of the same meaning, from the Latin salata (salty), from sal (salt). In English, the word first appears as "salad" or "sallet" in the 14th century.

Salt is associated with salad because vegetables were seasoned with brine or salty oil-and-vinegar dressings during Roman times.

The phrase "salad days", meaning a "time of youthful inexperience" (on notion of "green"), is first recorded by Shakespeare in 1606, while the use of salad bar first appeared in American English in 1976.

History

The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing.In his 1699 book, Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets, John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens. Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.

The United States popularized mixed greens salads in the late 19th century. Salads including layered and dressed salads were popular in Europe since Greek imperial and particularly Roman imperial expansions. Several other regions of the world adopted salads throughout the second half of the 20th century. From Europe and the Americas to China, Japan, and Australia, salads are sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains. In the US market, restaurants will often have a "Salad Bar" laid out with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad.[citation needed] Salad restaurants were earning more than $300 million in 2014.